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🎦 Cheating in video games. Quite the same Wikipedia.

Cheating at the Paralympic Games has caused scandals that have significantly changed the way in which the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) manages the events.

Testing for performance-enhancing drugs has become increasingly strict and more widespread throughout the Games, with powerlifting seeing the most positive results. Competitors without disabilities have also competed in some Paralympic Games, with the Spanish entry in the intellectually disabled basketball tournament at the 2000 Summer Paralympics being the most notorious.

Doping[edit]

Some professional and amateur sporting competitions randomly sample athletes to eliminate the use of performance-enhancing drugs, and the Paralympic Games are no different. The first positive results came in the 1992 Barcelona Games with five athletes found to have used banned substances.^[1] The 2000 Sydney Games saw fourteen athletes return a positive test, ten of which were in the powerlifting competition.^[2]

The Paralympics have also been tainted by steroid use. At the 2008 Games in Beijing, three powerlifters and a German basketball player were banned after having tested positive for banned substances.^[3] This was a decrease in comparison to the ten powerlifters and one track athlete who were banned from the 2000 Games.^[4] German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids. He had won two gold medals at the 2002 Winter Paralympics, but his medals were stripped after his positive drug test.^[5] At the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, Swedish curler Glenn Ikonen tested positive for a banned substance and was suspended for six months^[6] by the IPC. He was removed from the rest of the curling competition but his team was allowed to continue. The 54-year-old curler said his doctor had prescribed a medication on the banned substances list.^[7][8]

The Sydney 2000 Doping Control Program had the responsibility of ensuring that the games met the International Paralympic Medical and Anti-Doping Code and, for the first time in the sport, out-of-competition (OOC) testing was introduced. This meant that the testing window was much wider, with any competitor being called for a test at any point throughout the Games.

Nine powerlifters returned positive results before the competition and were promptly ejected. One further powerlifter and an athlete gave positive results after winning medals.^[2]

In the Salt Lake City Winter Paralympics in 2002 German cross country skier Thomas Oelsner gave a positive result after winning two gold medals. He was suspended for two years from all IPC events.^[9]

Another form of doping is 'boosting', used by athletes with a spinal cord injury to induce autonomic dysreflexia and increase blood pressure. This was banned by the IPC in 1994 but is still an ongoing problem in the sport.^[10]

Another potential concern is the use of gene therapy among Paralympic athletes. All Paralympic athletes are banned from enhancing their abilities through gene doping, but it is extremely difficult to differentiate these concepts.^[11] The World Anti-Doping Agency is currently researching both gene doping and gene therapy, in part to discern the boundary between the two closely related concepts.^[12]

Doping in Russia[edit]

Having sent samples for forensic analysis, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) found evidence that the Disappearing Positive Methodology was in operation at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi.^[13] On 7 August 2016, the IPC's Governing Board voted unanimously to ban the entire Russian team from the 2016 Summer Paralympics, citing the Russian Paralympic Committee's inability to enforce the IPC's Anti-Doping Code and the World Anti-Doping Code which is 'a fundamental constitutional requirement'.^[13] IPC President Sir Philip Craven stated that the Russian government had 'catastrophically failed its Para athletes'.^[14] IPC Athletes' Council Chairperson Todd Nicholson said that Russia had used athletes as 'pawns' in order to 'show global prowess'.^[15]

Intellectual disability[edit]

In the 1996 Atlanta Games athletes with intellectual disabilities were allowed to participate for the first time with full medal status.^[16]

Basketball controversy[edit]

The 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, which had already seen controversy with numerous positive drug tests, would be the venue for one of the most scandalous events in the sport's history. Spain was stripped of their intellectual disability basketball gold medals shortly after the Games closed^[17] after Carlos Ribagorda, a member of the victorious team and an undercover journalist, revealed to the Spanish business magazine Capital that most of his colleagues had not undergone medical tests to ensure that they had a disability. The IPC investigated the claims and found that the required mental tests, which should show that the competitors have an IQ of no more than 75,^[18][19] were not conducted by the Spanish Paralympic Committee (CPE). Ribagorda alleged that some Spanish participants in the table tennis, track and field, and swimming events were also not disabled, meaning that five medals had been won fraudulently.^[19][20]

He went on to say that the Spanish Federation of Sportspeople with the Intellectually Disabilities (FEDDI) deliberately chose to sign up athletes who were not intellectually disabled to 'win medals and gain more sponsorship'.^[21] Fernando Martin Vicente, president of the FEDDI and vice-president of CPE, initially denied the allegations.^[21] After it was confirmed that 10 of the 12 competitors in the winning team were not disabled,^[17] Martin Vicente publicly apologised for the error and accepted total responsibility, resigning just before the findings were officially released.^[20]

Two weeks later the team was officially disqualified and was ordered to return the gold medals.^[17]

IPC reaction[edit]

The IPC announced that, due to serious difficulties in determining the eligibility of athletes, it was suspending all official sporting activities involving an intellectual disability.^[22] The IPC attempted to develop a revised system for testing for intellectual disabilities but announced on 1 February 2003 that all events involving learning difficulties would be abandoned for the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens.^[23][24]

Following an anti-corruption drive, the International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability (INAS-FID) lobbied to have these athletes reinstated. Beginning in 2004, athletes with an intellectual disability began to be re-integrated into Paralympic sport competitions.^[25] The IPC stated that it would re-evaluate their participation following the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games.^[26] In November 2009 the ban was lifted and the IPC introduced a series of 'sports intelligence' tests to confirm claimed disabilities.^[27] The first IPC-run event where intellectual disability athletes were allowed to compete again was the 2009 IPC Swimming European Championships.^[27]

List of stripped Paralympic medals[edit]

See also[edit]

• 'Up the Down Steroid,' an episode of South Park with a subplot about Eric Cartman pretending to be intellectually impaired
• The Ringer, a comedy film about a man pretending to be developmentally disabled to compete in the Special Olympics

References[edit]

1. ^Korte, Tim. 7 March 2002. 'Cheating Plagues Paralympic Athletes'. Accessed 15 August 2007.
2. ^ ^abVance, Nicki. European Paralympic Committee. 'Doping control at the Sydney 2000 Paralympic GamesArchived October 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 15 August 2007.
3. ^Grey-Thompson, Tanni (2008-09-11). 'Cheating does happen in the Paralympics'. The Daily Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
4. ^'Paralympians can do the same thing as Olympic athletes-including cheating'. Sports Illustrated. CNNSI.com. 2002-03-06. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
5. ^Maffly, Bryan (2002-03-13). 'Skier Fails Drug Test'. Salt Lake 2002 Paralympics. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
6. ^Anti-Doping Rule Violation of Swedish Wheelchair Curler, International Paralympic Committee (IPC), May 4, 2010
7. ^Davies, Gareth (2010-03-21). 'Winter Paralympics 2010: Wheelchair curler's positive drug test mars closing ceremony'. The Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
8. ^Little, Lyndon (2010-03-19). 'Swedish wheelchair curler suspended for use of an illegal drug'. The Vancouver Sun. Canwest Publishing Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-04-24. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
9. ^Maffly, Bryan. The Salt Lake Tribune. 13 March 2002. 'Skier Fails Drug TestArchived August 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine'. Accessed 15 August 2007.
10. ^McGrath, Matt (23 August 2012). 'Paralympic athletes who harm themselves to perform better'. BBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
11. ^Wolbring, G. (2008). Oscar Pistorius and the future nature of Olympic, Paralympic and other sports. SCRIPT-ed, 5(1). doi:10.2966/scrip.050108.139.
12. ^World Anti Doping Agency. (October 2009). Gene Doping. In World Anti-Doping Agency. Retrieved April 11, 2012, from 'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2009-11-21. Retrieved 2013-09-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
13. ^ ^ab'The IPC suspends the Russian Paralympic Committee with immediate effect'. International Paralympic Committee. 7 August 2016.
14. ^Craven, Philip (7 August 2016). 'The IPC decision on the membership status of the Russian Paralympic Committee'. International Paralympic Committee.
15. ^Nicholson, Todd (7 August 2016). 'The IPC decision on the membership status of the Russian Paralympic Committee'. International Paralympic Committee.
16. ^Robert Daniel Steadward; Elizabeth Jane Watkinson; Garry David Wheeler (2003). Adapted physical activity. University of Alberta. p. 577. ISBN0-88864-375-6.
17. ^ ^abcBBC News. 14 December 2000. 'Spain ordered to return golds'. Accessed 14 August 2007
18. ^Carlos Ribagorda, Spanish Paralympic Team, Sydney 2000. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMNBXU1rP9M&t=65s
19. ^ ^abReilly, Rick. CNN Sports Illustrated. 5 December 2000. 'Paralympic Paradox'. Accessed 14 August 2007.
20. ^ ^abCBC Sports. 30 November 2000. 'Spanish Paralympic exec resigns amid scandal'. Accessed 14 August 2007.
21. ^ ^abBBC News. 24 November 2000. 'Spain in Paralympics scandal'. Accessed 14 August 2007.
22. ^The New York Times. 30 January 2001. 'PLUS: PARALYMPICS; Paralympic Group Orders Suspensions'. Accessed 14 August 2007.
23. ^Observer Sport Monthly. 31 October 2004. 'The 30 most outrageous sporting moments, part 2'. Accessed 14 August 2007.
24. ^IPC. 2 February 2003. 'INAS-FID Eligibility System Unsatisfactory: Athletes with Intellectual Disability Cannot Participate'. Accessed 14 August 2007.
25. ^PC Membership Embraces Athletes with Intellectual DisabilityArchived December 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
26. ^'Media Centre | IPC'. Paralympic.org. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
27. ^ ^ab'Intellectual disability ban ends'. BBC News. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2012.

Cheat (also known as Bullshit, B.S., Bluff, or I Doubt It^[3]) is a card game where the players aim to get rid of all of their cards.^[4][5] It is a game of deception, with cards being played face-down and players being permitted to lie about the cards they have played. A challenge is usually made by players calling out the name of the game, and the loser of a challenge has to pick up every card played so far. Cheat is classed as a party game.^[4] As with many card games, cheat has an oral tradition and so people are taught the game under different names.

Rules[edit]

One pack of 52 cards is used for four or fewer players; five or more players should combine two 52-card packs. Shuffle the cards and deal them as evenly as possible among the players. No cards should be left. Some players may end up with one card more or less than other players. Players may look at their hands.

A player's turn consists of discarding one or more cards face down, and calling out their rank - which may be a lie.^[6]

The player who sits to the left of the dealer (clockwise) takes the first turn, and must call aces. The second player does the same, and must call twos. Play continues like this, increasing rank each time, with aces following kings.^[6]

If any player thinks another player is lying, they can call the player out by shouting 'Cheat' (or 'Bluff', 'I doubt it', etc.), and the cards in question are revealed to all players. If the accused player was indeed lying, they have to take the whole pile of cards into their hand. If the player was not lying, the caller must take the pile into their hand. Once the next player has placed cards, however, it is too late to call out any previous players.^[6]

The game ends when any player runs out of cards, at which point they win.

Variants[edit]

• A common British variant allows a player to pass their turn if they don’t wish to lie or if all the cards of the required rank have clearly been previously played.
• Some variants allow a rank above or below the previous rank to be called.^[6] Others allow the current rank to be repeated or progress down through ranks instead of up.^[6]
• Some variants allow only a single card to be discarded during a turn.
• In some variations a player may also lie about the number of cards they are playing, if they feel confident that other players will not notice the discrepancy. This is challenged and revealed in the usual manner.^[6]
• In another variant, players must continue placing cards of the same rank until someone calls 'Cheat' or everyone decides to pass a turn.

International variants[edit]

The game is commonly known as 'Cheat' in Britain and 'Bullshit' in the United States.^[6]

Mogeln[edit]

The German and Austrian variant is for four or more players and is variously known as Mogeln ('cheat'), Schwindeln ('swindle'), Lügen ('lie') or Zweifeln ('doubting').^[7] A 52-card pack is used (two packs with more players) and each player is dealt the same number of cards, any surplus being dealt face down to the table. The player who has the Ace of Hearts leads by placing it face down on the table (on the surplus cards if any). The player to the left follows and names his discard as the Two of Hearts and so on up to the King. Then the next suit is started. Any player may play a card other than the correct one in the sequence, but if his opponents suspect him of cheating, they call gemogelt! ('cheated!'). The card is checked and if it is the wrong card, the offending player has to pick up the entire stack. If it is the right card, the challenger has to pick up the stack. The winner is the first to shed all their cards; the loser is the last one left holding any cards.^[8]

Verish' Ne Verish'[edit]

The Russian game Verish' Ne Verish' ('Trust, don't trust') - described by David Parlett as 'an ingenious cross between Cheat and Old Maid'^[9] - is also known as Russian Bluff, Chinese Bluff or simply as Cheat.

The game is played with 36 cards (two or three player) or 52 (four or more). One card is removed at random before the game and set aside face-down, and the remainder are dealt between players (even if this results in players having differently sized hands of cards).^[9]

The core of the game is played in the same manner as Cheat, except that the rank does not change as play proceeds around the table: every player must call the same rank.^[9]

Whenever players pick up cards due to a bluff being called, they may – if they wish – reveal four of the same rank from their hand, and discard them.^[10]

In some variants, if the player does not have any of the rank in their hand, they may call 'skip' or 'pass' and the next player takes their turn. If every player passes, the cards on the table are removed from the game, and the last player begins the next round.^{[citation needed]}

Canadian/Spanish Bluff[edit]

Similar to Russian Bluff, it is a version used by at least some in Canada and known in Spain. The rules are rather strict and, while a variation, is not open to much variation. It is also known in English as Fourshit (single deck) and Eightshit (double deck), the game involves a few important changes to the standard rules. Usually two decks are used^[6] instead of one so that there are 8 of every card as well as four jokers (Jokers are optional), though one deck may be used if desired. Not all ranks are used; the players can arbitrarily choose which ranks to use in the deck and, if using two decks, should use one card for each player plus two or three more. Four players may choose to use 6,8,10,J,Q,K,A or may just as easily choose 2,4,5,6,7,9,J,K, or any other cards. This can be a useful way to make use of decks with missing cards as those ranks can be removed. The four jokers are considered wild and may represent any card in the game.

Wikipedia Cheating In Online Games Crossword

The first player can be chosen by any means.^[11] The Spanish variation calls for a bidding war to see who has the most of the highest card. The winner of the challenge is the first player. In Canada, a version is the first player to be dealt a Jack face up, and then the cards are re dealt face down.

The first player will make a 'claim' of any rank of cards and an amount of their choice. In this version each player in turn must play as many cards as they wish of the same rank.^[6] The rank played never goes up, down nor changes in any way. If the first player plays kings, all subsequent players must also play kings for that round (it is non-incremental). Jokers represent the card of the rank being played in each round, and allow a legal claim of up to 11 of one card (seven naturals and four jokers).^[12] A player may play more cards than they claim to play though hiding cards under the table or up the sleeve is not allowed. After any challenge, the winner begins a new round by making a claim of any amount of any card rank.

If at any point a player picks up cards and has all eight natural cards of a certain rank, he declares this out loud and removes them from the game. If a player fails to do this and later leads a round with this rank, he or she automatically loses the game.

Once a player has played all his or her cards, he or she is out of that particular hand. Play continues until there are only two players (at which point some cards have probably been removed from the game). The players continue playing until there is a loser. The object of the game is not so much to win, but not be the loser. The loser is usually penalised by the winners either in having the dishonour of losing, or having to perform a forfeit.

China/Iranian Bullshit[edit]

In the Fujian province, a version of the game known as 吹牛 ('bragging') or 说谎 ('lying') is played with no restriction on the rank that may be called each turn, and simply requiring that each set is claimed to be of the same number.

On any given turn, a player may 'pass' instead of playing. If all players pass consecutively, then the face-down stack of played cards is taken out of the game until the next bluff is called. The player who previously called a rank then begins play again. ^[6]

This version, also sometimes called Iranian Bullshit,^[13] is often played with several decks shuffled together, allowing players to play (or claim to play) large numbers of cards of the same rank.^[6]

Sweden[edit]

Known as bluffstopp (a portmanteau of bluff ('bluff') and stoppspel ('shedding game'.)) Players are given six (or seven) cards at the start of the game, and the remainder makes a pile. Players are restricted to follow suit, and play a higher rank, but are allowed to bluff. If a player is revealed to be bluffing, or a player fails to call or a bluff, the player draws three cards from the pile.

Cheating Games For Girls

Additional rules and players to play more than one card in secret, and drop cards in their lap. But if this is discovered, the player must draw three or even six cards.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abChildren's Card Games by USPC Co. Retrieved 22 April 2019
2. ^Kartenspiele für Kinder - Beschäftigung für Schmuddelwetter at www.vaterfreuden.de. Retrieved 23 April 2019
3. ^Guide to games: Discarding games: How to play cheat, The Guardian, 22 November 2008, [1] retrieved 28 March 2011
4. ^ ^abThe Pan Book of Card Games, p288, PAN, 1960 (second edition), Hubert Phillips
5. ^The Oxford A-Z of Card Games, David Parlett, Oxford University Press, ISBN0-19-860870-5
6. ^ ^abcdefghijk'Rules of Card Games: Bullshit / Cheat / I Doubt It'. Pagat.com. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
7. ^Geiser 2004, p. 48. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGeiser2004 (help)
8. ^Gööck 1967, p. 31. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGööck1967 (help)
9. ^ ^abcParlett, David (2000). The Penguin encyclopedia of card games (New ed.). Penguin. ISBN0140280324.
10. ^'Rules of Card Games: Verish' ne verish''. Pagat.com. 17 November 1996. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
11. ^'Dupyup.com'. Dupyup.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
12. ^'Bullshit, the Card Game'. Khopesh.tripod.com. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
13. ^'Board Games'. The Swamps of Jersey. Retrieved 29 November 2020.

Further reading[edit]

• Geiser, Remigius (2004). '100 Kartenspiele des Landes Salzburg', in Talon, Issue 13.
• Gööck, Roland (1967). Freude am Kartenspiel, Bertelsmann, Gütersloh.
• Albert Morehead (1996). Official Rules of Card Games. Ballantine Books. ISBN0-449-91158-6.
• USPC Card Game Rule Archive (under the name 'I Doubt It') accessed on 2006-05-10.